Folk Linguistics Definition and Examples

Folk linguistics is the study of speakers opinions and beliefs about language, language varieties, and language usage. Adjective: folk-linguistic. Also called perceptual dialectology. Non-linguists attitudes toward language (the subject of folk linguistics) are often at variance with the views of specialists. As noted by Montgomery and Beal, [N]on-linguists beliefs have been discounted by many linguists as unimportant, as arising from a lack of education or knowledge, and therefore invalid as legitimate areas for investigation. Observations In any given speech community, speakers will usually exhibit many beliefs about language: that one language is older, more beautiful, more expressive or more logical than another―or at least more suitable for certain purposes―or that certain forms and usages are correct while others are wrong, ungrammatical, or illiterate. They may even believe that their own language was a gift from a god or a hero.Such beliefs rarely bear any resemblance to objective reality, except insofar as those beliefs create that reality: if enough English speakers believe that aint is unacceptable, then aint is unacceptable, and, if enough Irish speakers decide that English is a better or more useful language than Irish, they will speak English, and Irish will die.It is because of facts like these that some, especially sociolinguists, are now arguing that folk-linguistic beliefs should be taken seriously in our investigation―in great contrast to the usual position among linguists, which is that folk beliefs are no more than quaint bits of ignorant nonsense. (R.L. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., ed. by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) Folk Linguistics as an Area of Academic Study Folk linguistics has not fared well in the history of the science, and linguists have generally taken an us versus them position. From a scientific perspective, folk beliefs about language are, at best, innocent misunderstandings of language (perhaps only minor impediments to introductory linguistic instruction) or, at worst, the bases of prejudice, leading to the continuation, reformulation, rationalization, justification, and even the development of a variety of social justices.There is no doubt that comments on language, what [Leonard] Bloomfield called secondary responses, may both amuse and annoy linguists when they are made by nonprofessionals, and there is no doubt, as well, that the folk are not happy to have some of these notions contradicted (Bloomfields tertiary response)...The tradition is much older, but we shall date interest in folk linguistics from the 1964 UCLA Sociolinguistics Conference and [Henry M.] Hoenigswalds presentation there entitled A proposal for the stud y of folk-linguistics (Hoenigswald 1966). . . . we should be interested not only in (a) what goes on (language), but also in (b) how people react to what goes on (they are persuaded, they are put off, etc.) and in (c) what people say goes on (talk concerning language). It will not do to dismiss these secondary and tertiary modes of conduct merely as sources of error. (Hoenigswald 1966: 20) Hoenigswald lays out a broadly conceived plan for the study of talk about language, including collections of the folk expressions for various speech acts and of the folk terminology for, and the definitions of, grammatical categories such as word and sentence. He proposes uncovering folk accounts of homonymy and synonymy, regionalism and language variety, and social structure (e.g., age, sex) as reflected in speech. He suggests that particular attention be paid to folk accounts of the correcting of linguistic behavior, especially in the context of first-language acquisition and in relation to accepted ideas of correctness and acceptability. (Nancy A. Niedzielski and Dennis R. Preston, Introduction, Folk Linguistics. De Gruyter, 2003) Perceptual Dialectology [Dennis] Preston describes perceptual dialectology as a sub-branch of folk linguistics (Preston 1999b: xxiv, our italics), which focuses on non-linguists beliefs and perceptions. He proposes the following research questions (Preston 1988: 475-6): a. How different from (or similar to) their own do respondents find the speech of other areas?b. What do respondents believe the dialect areas of a region to be?c. What do respondents believe about the characteristics of regional speech?d. Where do respondents believe taped voices to be from?e. What anecdotal evidence do respondents provide concerning their perception of language variety? There have been many attempts to investigate these five questions. Although in the past perceptual dialectology has been neglected as an area of research in countries such as the UK, more recently several studies have specifically examined perception in this country (Inoue, 1999a, 1999b; Montgomery 2006). The development of perceptual study in the UK could be seen as a logical extension of Prestons interest in the discipline, which in turn could be viewed as a revival of traditional perceptual dialectology research pioneered in Holland and Japan. (Chris Montgomery and Joan Beal, Perceptual Dialectology. Analysing Variation in English, ed. by Warren Maguire and April McMahon. Cambridge University Press, 2011) Further Reading CorrectnessDialect  and  DialectologyFive Phony Rules of WritingFolk EtymologyHas There Ever Been a Golden Age of English?LinguisticsNotes on  AintPhilologyPrescriptivismPurismSix  Common Myths About LanguageSociolinguisticsWhy Your Language Isnt Any Better (or Worse) Than Mine

An Important Part Of Interpersonal Communication - 906 Words

Feedback is known to be an important part of interpersonal communication. It lets speakers know what impact their words are having. When others have an opportunity to respond, a dialogue is created and the content of the messages can be adjusted, or even improved. This dynamic is applied every day in health care settings. Medical professionals rely on feedback throughout their careers to enhance the quality care they provide. Patients enter clinics and emergency rooms seeking feedback from physicians about what is happening to their bodies. Together, medical staff and patients must depend on feedback to reach a diagnosis and find the best course of treatment. Physicians and other medical staff collectively examine patients: recording their vitals, taking an accurate history, and performing a thorough review of certain body systems. All of this is done based on the patients’ chief complaints. Their bodies are sending feedback signals, trying to tell them something is wrong, such as an infection like pneumonia. Patients cannot interpret this feedback themselves, so they seek medical services to further examine them. Sometimes the feedback patients’ bodies send is not very clear. Many diagnoses share signs and symptoms, so physicians should consider other factors as well. The patient may have other conditions that put them at particular risk for other problems to arise. If physicians or staff fail to further investigate in these situations, a potential for serious consequencesShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal communication is the most important kind of communication. It ha ppens when two individuals are in a close proximity to each other, and they are able to provide immediate feedback to one another. IPC (interpersonal communication) is the way we express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas to the people around us. Interpersonal communication is something you need to do well as it affects many aspects of your life. Interpersonal communication is a learned skill that can be improvedRead MoreThe Goal Of College Professors1459 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents for life after college. Teachers commonly rely on presentations to teach students communication skills, but that is not enough because it only teaches an individual to speak in front of a group. Interpersonal skills are a required skill set to have an effective conversation with another individual, which makes interpersonal skills extremely important in the Business community. Interpersonal skills are important in the business community because an individual must be able to communicate effectivelyRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace1116 Words   |  5 PagesINTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE Introduction Communication occurs in the day to day life situation Hynes, G. E. (2015). People pass messages from one individual to another through communication. This makes communication to be taken for granted. Communication may not be that easy as it is the assumption of most of the people, but it is important to understand that for communication to be effective proper communication skills need to be applied. Communication is simply defined as theRead MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Interpersonal Communication869 Words   |  4 PagesVerbal and non-verbal Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is the form of communication that exists between two people; it is a universal kind of communication. It includes the daily exchange that may be formal in nature or informal. Interpersonal communication is manifest in verbal or non-verbal form. The non-verbal can assume the form of expression, gestures and postures (MBA Knowledge base, 2011). Interpersonal communication, be it verbal or non-verbal, involves disseminationRead MoreA Reflective Report on Interpersonal Management1150 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A Reflective Report on Interpersonal Management Skills Module Code: 7BSP1010 Course: Interpersonal Management Skills 1 Tutor: Helen MacKinlay Student Name: XU ZHANGYONG Student Number: 13030219 Words: 1046 December 26th 2014 The purposes of this essay is to analyse the improtances of Interpersonal management skills for successful management, and to reflect on a verbal interpersonal cultural based difference people have personally experienced and how develop the cross cultural awarenessRead MoreNursing Theorist, Hildegard Peplau Knew That In Order To1533 Words   |  7 Pagesdesire to learn more about Peplau’s theory is because it is a very significant quality to have as a nurse. Nursing is a very interpersonal career, and by forming trusting relationships with patients early in one’s nursing practice, I can provide the best care possible to meet psychosocial needs as well as treat the present illness. The benefits that creating interpersonal relationships can have on the patients’ health condition and their planned outcomes, is also a very interesting area of focusRead MoreThe Role Of NVC In Interpersonal Communication Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role Of NVC In Interperson al Communication During interpersonal communication only 30% is communicated verbally. The remaining 70% is messages sent, sometimes unconsciously, as non-verbal communication. NVC is seen to transmit emotional information that our ordinary speech does not. It can be divided into nine main areas and these can be divided into many sub divisions. It is worth remembering that all the areas interact with each other and they co-exist alongsideRead MoreCommunication Skills And Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills Effect Adolescent s Social Self Efficacy988 Words   |  4 Pageshow communication skills and interpersonal problem solving skills effect adolescent’s social self-efficacy, the belief in one’s own abilities. Before the study begins, Erozkan defines how communication, interpersonal relationships, and self-efficacy relate. Communication is a crucial element in forming long-lasting interpersonal relationships, which is an important aspect in adolescents developing positive self-efficacy (Erozkan, 2013). Adolescents begin to acquire life-long interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreThe Theory Of A Nurse1497 Words   |  6 Pagesdesire to learn more about Peplau’s theory is because it is a very significant quality to have as a nurse. Nursing is a very interpersonal career, and by forming trusting relationships with patients early in one’s nursing practice, I can pr ovide the best care possible to meet psychosocial needs as well as treat the present illness. The benefits that creating interpersonal relationships can have on the patients’ health condition and their planned outcomes, is also a very interesting area of focusRead MoreConflict Management, Interpersonal Communication, And Motivational Theories1106 Words   |  5 Pagesof conflict management, interpersonal communication, and motivational theories and their significance to the overall success of an organization. As we dig deeper into the material for leadership and management, the shining theme throughout our readings has been self-less leadership (Satterlee, 2013). This week, we focused on the importance of interpersonal communication, and conflict management. Owner, leaders, and managers must understand the importance of communication especially if any conflict

Donnie Darko Free Essays

Donnie Darko Assessment Dashiell Lieberman I would like to answer this question not as the Dashiell we all know and love but as an existential Dashiell. As an existentialist I would want the truth and the facts; that is a lot different than wanting an explanation. An existentialist doesn’t believe that everything needs an explanation and a reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Donnie Darko or any similar topic only for you Order Now They believe in the cold hard truth and facts like the great existential characters Donnie Darko and Mersault of The Stranger, who died for representing the ultimate truth like Christ. So the truth I seek for my one day outside of reality is the creation of the world, the universe and who or what is the creator. Everything else in this world has been altered and corrupted by man and society but not the beginning; that is true and untouched. I want to know the overall truth of the world, the great mystery that the whole world has wondered. The origin of everything is my biggest wonder as a man just looking for the truth with no explanations or interpretations. I would travel through time and space searching and observing the creation of everything that has come to be. I would love to talk to the creator, if so, and just ask him some casual questions or learn of our scientific origins and it’s amazement. If I had this one day I wouldn’t waste it by doing insignificant things to make me happy for an hour; I would go big of course, I mean really big. I want these hours of freedom to change my life forever giving me the ultimate truth of the world so as an existentialist I can be satisfied knowing that there is no meaning or maybe there is. How to cite Donnie Darko, Papers

Introduction of Management in Driving

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction of Management in Driving. Answer: Introduction The advancement of the world with the introduction of new and innovative techniques has improved the standard of living of human beings. The invention of electronic devices like cars, air conditioners, refrigerators, micro oven etc has enhanced the standard of living along with reducing time consumption. One of the most crucial inventions in the modern decade is the introduction of motorcar. The introduction of vehicles has reduced the consumption of time and has helped mankind to reach their destinations comfortably and easily (Barkley and Robin 2014). Now, human beings can travel long distances with ease and can even transport goods from one place to another at a shorter time span. This has led to the development of the economy. The current study deals with the learning to drive by the teenagers so that they can drive cars properly. The paper deals with the problems children face when they are learning how to drive. It is seen that many parents tend to teach their children by themselves rather than taking them to any driving schools (Hanko 2016). The study therefore, tries to find out the challenges children face when they are been taught by their parents. The introduction of motor car in the world has improved the lifestyle of human beings as it eases the transportation from one place to another. The use of motor car requires driving the car and driving requires training so that the car can be driven properly and safely without affecting anyone from the society. The government has set up laws and regulations, which needs to be maintained in order to drive a car. The laws set up by the government of a country are similar to the international standard created to be eligible for driving a car. It is mandatory for a person to pass a driving test in order to receive a driving license, which will permit a person to drive a car (Hattie and Yates 2013). Before receiving a license, a person needs to know all the motor vehicle rules and the road symbols so that they can drive a car safely and according to the norms of the government. It is a common factor in the modern economy for teenagers to drive a car. Therefore, it is essential for them to get a driving license so that they can drive a car abiding by the rules of the government (Zahn-Waxler et al. 2016). It is seen that either their parents give the children requiring training for driving or they take lessons from driving schools. It is seen that the children face plenty of problems when they are learning how to drive. It is seen that most of the parents try to teach their children themselves. This sort of training method varies from the professional driving sessions organized by the driving schools. Parents generally try to implement their own experiences and habits in order to train and teach their children (Hembree-Kigin and McNeil 2013). It is seen that there are cases when the parents even directly or indirectly teach many wrong perceptions, which one should not follow while driving like over speeding and crossing the speed limit or using phones while driving. The children therefore, can consider these wrong actions valid as they learn a lot from their parents. There are certain instances, when it is seen that there are certain parents who are not familiar with all the traffic rules pertaining in a country (Horngren et al. 2013). Therefore, it is advisable to the parents, not to teach their child about ho w to drive. There are a lot of people who think that this advice is not justified, but it is actually a give away to the traffic that is already in the roundabouts. It is also seen that most of the parents have least knowledge about parallel parking and therefore, it is seen that the children do not have sufficient knowledge about the same. The other problem that is persistent while getting training from the parents is that when a child is given training about driving, it is seen that the children get their lesson in the car of the parents and thus the children have a conscious in the back of their mind not to hit the car. It is even seen that in case of driving schools, there is a brake on the side where the trainer sits and therefore, in case of any mishap the trainers can pull the brake to avert any sort of accidents. A child getting training from their parents will not have this advantage in their car and therefore, there are chances of having accidents and the child not getting to know all the experiences about driving (Lindquist, Sol and Van Praag 2015). It is also seen that driving, being a technical knowledge depends upon person to perso n and therefore; not every human being may have knowledge about all the traffic rules and symbols pertaining in the country. The only way to eradicate these problems are by making it mandatory for all children to take driving lessons from driving schools before taking the examination. The government needs to implement rules about the awareness about driving by passing laws that every person who wants to pass the exam needs to complete their courses in driving school (Warneken and Tomasello 2013). The second step the government can take is making it compulsory for everyone driving a car to hold a valid driving license authorized by the government so that parents cannot teach driving to their children. The analysis of the above study tries to point out the problems, which exist in a country due to the problem of driving skills provided to the children by their parents. The paper points out the problems that exist if parents try to teach driving to their children as the children even receive the bad habits, which their parents have. The action of providing driving lessons to the children from driving schools even make the parents about certain rules they were not aware of as the children make their parents aware of them after getting to know from the schools. The paper even discovers the solutions the government needs to undertake so that this problem of young age driving can be improved leading to a sustainable environment where the level of accidents and law abiding people among the society increase. Reference List Barkley, R.A. and Robin, A.L., 2014.Defiant teens: A clinician's manual for assessment and family intervention. Guilford Publications. Hanko, G., 2016.Increasing competence through collaborative problem-solving: Using insight into social and emotional factors in children's learning. Routledge. Hattie, J. and Yates, G.C., 2013.Visible learning and the science of how we learn. Routledge. Hembree-Kigin, T.L. and McNeil, C., 2013.Parentchild interaction therapy. Springer Science Business Media. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013.Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Lindquist, M.J., Sol, J. and Van Praag, M., 2015. Why do entrepreneurial parents have entrepreneurial children?.Journal of Labor Economics,33(2), pp.269-296. Warneken, F. and Tomasello, M., 2013. Parental presence and encouragement do not influence helping in young children.Infancy,18(3), pp.345-368. Zahn-Waxler, C., Denham, S., Iannotti, R.J. and Cummings, E.M., 2016. Chapter Eleven Peer Relations in Children with a Depressed Caregiver.Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage.

Banning Texting while Driving Saves Lives

Texting while driving involves communicating through written messages using mobile phones. This action increases the risk of fatal accidents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Banning Texting while Driving Saves Lives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To tackle this problem, many nations have endorsed laws that ban texting while driving. Such laws exist in Columbia, Guam, and 7 other states in America (Tison 1). This paper supports that banning texting while driving saves lives as it prevents most causes of accidents. The paper first discusses the rate of texting while driving and the existing death records. It then highlights the effects and reaction by states to texting while driving. Prevalence and Risks caused by the Action Survey proves that two-thirds of people aged below 30 use phones when driving and over one-third agree to texting when driving (Gershowitz 584). Since these figures seem to increase, it is justifiable for states to ban the practice, particularly when tied with the risks of texting while driving. Scholars at North Texas University found that texting while driving accounted for almost 20,000 fatalities between 2001 and 2007, after examining data on traffic casualty and texting reports (Gershowitz 583). Another study by the National Safety Council estimated that use of cell phone while driving accounted for about 1.6. Million accidents in every year, with texting while driving constituting 200,000 of those accidents (Wilson 2215). Effects of Texting while Driving Behaviors like text messaging, which involve switching of tasks, and requires extensive durations before execution, affect driving severely. Texting when driving seems consistent with a changing mold of concentration, where attention shifts to either texting, or driving. Once drivers change their concentration to activity of text messaging, which involves both reading and composing messages, their respons e rates to braking actions are much high and this shows the cost of switching tasks. Young et al. designed a study to investigate the effect of personal behaviors on driving (250). The study found that dialing numbers physically had a negative effect on driving. Another investigation on the effect of texting on driving performance showed that texting while driving used the driver’s cognitive capacity, and forced him to shift eyes from the highway to the phone, severally. The study approximated that texting made drivers shift their focus from the road more than 14 times in every half an hour. Results of a related study among truck drivers in Virginia showed that texting while driving was 23.2 times riskier than non-distracted driving (Gershowitz 585). This study also revealed that drivers on text messages shifted their eyes more than 4 times in every 6 seconds. As a result, these drivers responded slowly and left their lanes often (Gershowitz 585). Therefore, it is rational to argue that texting while driving increases chances of having accidents since text messaging impacts driving performance negatively.Advertising Looking for research paper on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reaction by States Following many accidents and research showing the risk of using cell phone while driving, legislatures have reacted with retribution. However, governments have reacted to the risky grouping of using cell phone and driving in different approaches. The most insistent approach has been to forbid using all hand-held phones when driving. These nations allow drivers to use phones as long as they have hands-free specifications. The merit of this strategy is that it is an easy to enforce rule due to its simplicity since the driver could be either using the gadget, or not. Therefore, these legislatures ban texting while driving as use of hands by drivers gets banned. Other nations have assumed strict regulatio ns on use of phones while driving. For instance, some nations have banned all forms of texting while a vehicle is moving, in efforts to frame nuanced regulations. Other nations have banned drivers from reading, writing, or conveying any written or electronic communication while the vehicle is in motion (Wilson 2215). Some nations have banned all use of hand-held phones and allowed use of hands-free. Other nations have limited use of phones, by teenagers, when driving, and a rising number of states and governments have prohibited the exact practice of texting while driving. Nations such as New Hampshire and Michigan disallow all forms of texting when driving (Gershowitz 584). Iowa outlaws texting while driving, although their definition of a text message only includes electronic and direct messages (Gershowitz 584). Wisconsin allows reading text messages, but bans composing and sending of such messages through electronic means. Virginia bans drivers from reading any text message or e mail, as well as texting in any hand-held tool. Overall, many nations have laws that govern use of cell phone when driving. In conclusion, the risks caused by texting while driving and the effects caused by this action explain why banning the practice saves lives. Texting while driving accounts for a large part of accidents that occur every year. Writing or reading text messages makes the driver shift focus from the road to the phone severally, and this increases the likelihood of accidents. Consequently, governments have put in place many laws that ban texting while driving in efforts to save people’s lives. Works Cited Gershowitz, Adam. â€Å"Texting while Driving meets the Fourth Amendment: Deterring both Texting and Warrantless Cell Phone Searches.† Arizona Law Review 54.2 (2011): 577-620. Print.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Banning Texting while Driving Saves Lives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tison, Julie, Neil Chaudhary, and Linda Cosgrove. National Phone Survey on Distracted Driving Attitudes and Behavior, Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2011. Print. Wilson, Fernando and Stimpson Jim. â€Å"Trends in Fatalities from Distracted Driving in the United States, 1999 to 2008.† Journal of Public Health 22.13 (2010): 2215–2216. Print. Young, Kristie, Michael Regan and John Lee. Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, Boca, Raton: CRC Press Group, 2009. Print. This research paper on Banning Texting while Driving Saves Lives was written and submitted by user Ethan M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Collins Last Name Meaning and Origin

Collins Last Name Meaning and Origin The Collins  surname has a number of different possible origins: In England, the name may have originated as a double diminutive of Nicholas, or as a patronymic surname meaning son of Colin, a short form of Nicholas. The given name Nicholas means victory of the people, from the  Greek ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ · (nike), meaning victory and ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (laos), meaning people.In Ireland, a name derived from cuilein, meaning darling, a term of endearment applied to young animals.  The medieval Gaelic surname was Ua Cuilà ©in, most often seen today as  Ãƒâ€œ Coilein.As a Welsh surname, Collins may derive from collen, signifying a hazel grove.The French name  Colline, meaning hill, is another possible origin of the Collins surname. Collins is the 52nd most popular surname in the United States, the 57th most common English surname, and the 30th most common surname in Ireland. Alternate Surname Spellings:  Collin, Colling, Collings, Coling, Collen, Collens, Collis, Coliss, Coleson Where Do People With the Collins Surname Live? People with the Collins surname are most prevalent in Ireland, especially the southwestern counties of Cork, Limerick, and Clare, according to WorldNames Public Profiler. The name is also extremely common in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Forebears surname distribution data has the name pegged as very common in Ireland, Liberia, Australia, the United States, and England. Within Ireland, Collins ranks as the 9th most popular surname in County Cork, 11th in Limerick and 13th in Clare. Famous People With the Last Name Collins Phil Collins - English singer, songwriter and musician.Michael Collins - American astronaut, part of the Apollo 11 mission that first landed on the moon.Michael Collins -  The hero of the Irish struggle for independence.Patricia Hill Collins - American feminist sociologist (Collins is her married name).Marva Collins - American educator and civil rights activist (Collins is her married name).Joan Collins  - English actress, best known for her role in the television drama,  Dynasty.Suzanne Collins  - Author of the popular book trilogy,  The Hunger Games.Anthony Collins - English philosopher.Arthur Collins - English genealogist and historian. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Collins Over 320 group members belong to the Collins DNA surname project, working together to combine DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Collins ancestral lines. Includes individuals with Collins, Collings, and similar surname variants. Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Collins family crest or coat of arms for the Collins surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Check out the Collins family genealogy forum at Genealogy.com, the popular genealogy forum for the Collins surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or use it post your own Collins query. Use FamilySearch.org to access over 8 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Collins surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Collins surname. You can also browse or search the list archives to explore over a decade of postings for the Collins surname. Explore DistantCousin.com, which hosts free databases and genealogy links for the last name Collins. The Collins page at GenealogyToday.com allows you to browse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Collins around the world. References Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Supporting Children who are Twice Exceptional and Beyond Assignment

Supporting Children who are Twice Exceptional and Beyond - Assignment Example They are called as such because of their special intellectual capacity and because of their physical condition that requires special attention (Beckley, 2012). Little did we know that 2e children also bear the burden of certain disabilities that entail for them to be misunderstood? Common disabilities found in 2e children are dyslexia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, tourette syndrome, Attention Deficit Disorders among others. They often have the difficulty to study in a traditional learning environment. Because of this, 2e children are often perceived as lazy, distracted and lacks interest with disruptive behaviour (Beckley, 2012). Because of these perceptions, parents and child carers tends to use a different approach to discipline does not fit the 2e children. They tend to apply the kind of discipline that they use to non-2e children not realizing that 2e children have special needs. Although my understanding on 2e is not absolute, I believe that it helped me broaden my mind and further my understanding on child psychology. Generally, children are the most vulnerable section in our society (if not, the world) what more with the 2e children who have certain limitations that tests our patience? My initial understanding on 2e children fortified my belief that we should take extra care precaution when dealing with them. To be more careful with what we say, what we show them and how we guide them because that’s who they become. 2e children show an array of traits, behaviour and most of them are gifted children. However, they possess a quality that is the discrepancy of their mental age is different from their biological or physical age. Comorbid situation and children who are â€Å"twice exceptional† are distinct but not separate. Their conditions might have differences but their commonality is that they need special attention and

Career management in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Career management in business - Essay Example These consequently affect the performance of an organization. These contracts are in a moment of transition. In this way, organizational relationships are turning into transactional contracts. In transitional contract, security of assets is ensured by creating safe returns from uncertain returns. There are examples of these contracts which include intermediaries offer insurance to their customers. Others include commercial paper markets working together with intermediaries likened to money market mutual funds. These changes in relationships have interfered with labour market within organization. Understanding intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships in organizations affects the means through which career management can be understood. It will influence individual career management and organizational career management (Kase and Zupan, 2007, 16-17; Gorton and Pennachi, 1988, 1-3). According to Adekola (2011, p100), a career is a lifelong process that constitute of a pattern of unde rtakings and related perspectives or conducts that happen in the life of a person as long as they are working. It is also perceived as a sequence of experiences during work, such as work related decisions; job positions, duties, and work related events as interpreted subjectively by individuals, for example, values, aspirations, things hope for, needs and feelings work that prevail within the time an individual is working. The plan and execution of organizational processes that facilitate the careers to be intended and controlled in a way that satisfies completely both the what a person prefers as per their capabilities and they are also designed to meet requirement of an organization (Yahya, Othman and Meruda 2004, p75). With the changing nature of work, it has become important for individuals and organisations to manage their careers. This is because every individual is expected to produce results that are meeting the needs of the organization. The realisation that effective usage of skills and knowledge can cause a great improvement in performance has caused many people and organisations to device ways to manage human capital. Career management is a continuous process that involves preparation, development, implementation, and tracking career plans and means to achieve career goals. Career management can be done by an individual or by an organisation. Individual Career Management (ICM) is done personally and it involves data collection about how to solve emerging challenges of the work and plans to develop their career. In this kind of career management, a person is responsible for decision making affecting their career development (Dargham, 2011, p4). Organizational Career Management implies effort an organisation put to improve the quality of life of an individual who is an employee. It involves policies, activities and programmes that are put in place to ensure that an organisation or employers facilitate the development strategies and designs of their e mployees’ careers (Adekola, 2011, p102). Career management requires analysis of the changing trends of jobs and careers in the present time. Both the organization and individual should carry out an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses they have so that they can focus on development (GMP, Not dated, p1-3). In the past, organizations could ensure job security even with changing environment. In the current days because of the competitive nature of the external market,

Call to Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Call to Action - Essay Example porating communities, public and private sectors as well as families aimed at changing the negative notion about illness and obesity to a positive one peddled by alteration of national conversation with particular focus being healthy and fitness. The identified news article is the Public Health report Journal published in July-August 2010. It is traced from the PMC (PMC2882598) regarded as US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. The report has been a vocal tool based on call to action proactive strategy. The initiative assigned specific roles to different institution and individuals. It is inspired by the need to reduce overweight and obesity based on promotion of exercise across the board. The ‘Exercise Medicine Initiative’ being a multinational and multi-organizational, is embedded on promotion of physical activities as the pillars upon which treatment and prevention of obesity and overweight are pegged. It culminated into immediate exercised-based actions spearheaded by close interactions amongst clinicians and patients. The report culminated into beneficial linkages between fitness professionals, the public and clinicians presenting avenues for instructions aimed at ensuring active and healthy individuals. Actions thus emerged to proactively advocate for exercise as the new medicine for obesity. With respect to communities, schools and workplaces, physical activities have been promoted to ensure well-being and increased health stocks. Besides, policy makers have also refocused on physical fitness-attached policies (Kazaks, 2013, p.122). This has also extended to clinicians as well as fitness professionals who have been subsequently incorporated exercise in their interaction with patients and clients. Media has remained the centerpiece in mobilizing the public to be educated and empowered via physical exercise consultations and counselling. Websites have been developed to sensitize people and patients on the pros attached to this

Juice Of Different Brands And Containers Marketing Essay

Juice Of Different Brands And Containers Marketing Essay Introduction Now a day with the increasing intensive competition in order to marketing a product marketing plan is considered as a sole of this, 2.1 Current Marketing Situation In our country there are many types of fruit juice available in the market. Generally mango juice is popular. Beside this, orange, apple, strawberry, grape juices are also accepted by the consumers. At present, many existing soft drink producing companies like Pran, Shezan, Achme are more or less successful in the country because of the rate of selling of their product in the market. Considering this situation, to enter into the market and to compete with other brands, our new soft drinks producing company Anron is preparing to launch the juice of water melon which will enter as a new product in the market. Generally our target is to focus on all class people of all ages particularly kids and teenagers. For doing this we have tried to distribute our product in such areas so that it is available to them. 2.1.1 Market Description Generally, in current market different types of juices are sold in tetra packets or bottles. Tetra packet is not returnable. It is very light and easy to carry. On the other hand, some bottles are returnable and some are not. Few images of these types of containers of some particular brands are shown below: Fig1. Juice of different brands and containers Fruit juice is very good for health because it provides vitamin and nutrition that build body. Since the present market is generally covered by orange, apple, strawberry, grape juice and our new product water melon juice is full of nutrition we want to present it with nice flavors, nice containers and with a real taste at reasonable price. Watermelons are grown throughout the tropics and subtropics region, but do best in the hot drier areas with the abundance of sunshine. They are killed by frost. They grow best on fertile sandy soil, particularly on sandy river banks. They ate fairly drought- resistant and will not stand water logging. Kuakata, Khepupara, Alipur, Mohipur, etc. are main production area of water melon in Patuakhali district in our country. It is also produced in Natore and other districts in Bangladesh. Our target is to collect water melon from the cultivators of different areas and make a deal with them to ensure proper supply of the water melon in order to produce Juicy Melon in a large volume. 2.1.2 Product Review An overall idea about our product is presented here. i. The brand name of the product will be Juicy Melon. ii. The slogan of the product is A taste of reality. iii. At first, it will be available in the market in cane, plastic or glass bottles and in tetra packets. iv. The containers will be of different sizes so that people can buy according to their need. v. The juice will be produced from fresh and pure water melon which is grown in our country. vi. It will be produced by highly improved automated machine. vii. It will be fully free from harmful chemicals, colors and preservatives. viii. It can be stored in refrigerator but it is not must to store it. ix. The overall making procedure of the juice will be monitored by experienced employees and chemists. x. The product will be available in almost all shops in the market. At first, in grocery shop then, in super markets. xi. The product quality will be of high and price will be reasonable. 2.1.2 Competitive Review Pran, Shezan, Achme, Frutika juices have already created a standard position in the market. So, just launch a product in a market is not an easy task. To make a good impression to consumer about the product and also to make profit it is must to know details about other competitors. Analyzing the competitor can create augment chances of launching to be the most successful one. Pran: PRAN is the leading food processing company in Bangladesh and is believed to be processing about half of the horticulture produce that goes to the processed channel in the country. The company produces and distributes fruits juices, snacks, confectionery, culinary products, dairy and soft drinks. It enjoys a strong brand reputation in the country and exports its products to 70 countries. The company has requested IFC for assistance to finance its corporate plan to expand capacity and improve operating efficiencies, aimed at satisfying growing domestic demand and capitalizing on export opportunities. Shezan: The company was incorporated in 1964 as a Private Limited Company, with the main  objective to set up an industrial undertaking for manufacturing of juices, squashes, sherbets, jams, pickles and preserves from fruits and vegetables. In 1971, Shahnawaz group purchased all the shares of Alliance Industrial  Development Corporation. Sajeeb Corporation the company is a well reputed and leading manufacturer, exporter, importer marketing organisation of consumer products (Shezan Juice, TANG, Nocilla, Kolson Lascha Semai, Kolson Macaroni, Kolson Vermicelli, Kolson Noodles, Sajeeb Biscuits other food item) in Bangladesh. Acme: ACME Group is one of the leading and diversified global conglomerates in Bangladesh, with offices in all major cities, employing over 3000+ employees. The images of some acme juice products are given below: Fig2. ACME juice products Frutika: Akij Food and Beverage Limited (AFBL) is one of the main concerns of Akij Group, which is a Bangladeshi industrial conglomerate. Frutika Juice is the juice brand of AFBL, recently introduced juice in the prevalent Bangladesh market. From the lunching of the product Frutika Juice has come up with novelty promotional campaign in order to grab the market share. It also tried to make available the product in the market through their effective distribution channel. However, the price charged by it is relatively higher compared to the competitors. 2.1.2 Distribution Review This is an important part of marketing. After producing Juicy Melon in the company it is required to distribute it in the market. At first, we will distribute it almost all shops of divisional cities. Grocery Store is a store established primarily for the retailing of food. Our assigned team member will distribute the product in grocery shops. People of our country are largely dependent on this type of shops. They can buy necessary things from their nearest shop. So, to reach our product to every people, Juicy Melon will be distributed to grocery store. Supermarket A supermarket, a form of grocery store, is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store and it is smaller than a hypermarket or superstore. Well distribute our product at this type of market. Schools, colleges and universities Well distribute the Juicy Melon in the shops nearby schools and colleges. We also supply it in the university cafà ©. SWOT analysis: Our company is serving in the market as a leading competitor. Most of the products of our company are consumer oriented and holding superior market value except the existing juice brands. Thats why our company is willing to inaugurate a juicy brand in a different manner, with a different taste in the juicy drinks JUICY MELON- a pure natural drink with no added sugar, a minus fat with no calorie observation. Though our new product is expected to lead the juice market, we have a swat analysis for the betterment in market serving in an efficient way. Strength: strength are internal capabilities that can help the company reach its objectives .our company has the strengths- Innovative feature- the juicy melon is containing a minus fat characteristic, which is a new observation in case of any juicy brands. Along with our companies existing brands, no other brand is containing this rare feature. Lower price- in comparison to other competitive products in the market, juicy melon is charged a lower price. The lower price is possible due to our competitive advantage in technological and ingredient observation. Ingredient availability- the main ingredient used in the Juicy Melon is water melon. Water melon is largely produced in all over the country. The price is also seems to be very low which is very positive indication for the company. Full of nutrition-our main ingredient ,watermelon is a indigenous fruit which have to believed to have originated in our India Subcontinent is a good source of vitamin A, high in vitamin C, beta-carotene, lycopen, iron, zinc, potassium and other nutritive minerals and very low in sodium; free of fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. Weakness: weakness is internal elements that may interfere with companys ability to achieve its objectives. The major weaknesses are ___ 1. Lack of market information previously no other product is made up of water melon the juicy melon can serve the market or not, may be a questionable factor. Higher preservation cost _ the preservation cost is higher than others. The product, ingredient liquid is a season fruit so the company has to store a huge amount due to demand construction. Opportunity: Opportunities are external elements that the company may be able to its advantage. Increasing demand: Due to peoples health consciousness and other environmental factors people are demanding natural food. The Juicy Melon will be available in the market with this unique characteristic. So there is a possibility that demand will increase in a hear future. Low technology cost: Juicy Melon is available at lower cost due to its lower technology cost. Due to govt. policy, the technological assistance is available from different companies outside the country. The nutrition content: The high water and nutrients contents of our main ingredient keep our bodies hydrated and refreshed, protect from dehydration, toxification; helps in cleaning our kidneys; Vitamin A and beta-carotene improve the accuracy of our vision, preventing, at the same time, eyes-related diseases such as cataracts or macular degeneration, help heart to function accurately, strengthen the immune system, prevent against cancer and is an anti-aging and anti-wrinkling agent for the skin; lycopene a naturally occurring red pigment is the most active carotenoid that is a very potent antioxidant against free radicals and anti-anticancer agent, helps improving short and long term memory, protects and prevents from heart disorders, beneficial against the prostate and testicles and prevents skin, cervical, breast and prostate cancer, also acts as a detoxifier of the waste in the body and inhibits cholesterol formation; Iron plays a decisive role in the growth and physical develop ment of children and teenagers, as it helps their bodies grow in a healthy and harmonious way, strengthens and protects all the organs within our body and is crucial for menstruating, pregnant or lactating women, makes us active and provides us with stamina, links to the hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all body cells and is also part of key enzyme systems for energy production and metabolism; and so on. These all valuable nutritious functions of our ingredient give our product a high quality diet or food value and will help us in our promotion strategies. Our tropical climate: The succulent, thrust-quench fruit watermelon containing 90% water is available for maximum three months on the other hand in our tropical country, now a days, summer exists more than about seven months. As a result, the demand of this refreshing and thrust-quench fruits exists beyond the period of watermelons availability. Demand for all the year round: Besides delicious and watery mouth taste, the high nutritious value will support its demand for the whole year. Threats: Threats are current or emerging external elements that may possibly challenge companys performance. Increased composition: A number of compositions are entering into market with fruit juice orientation .Along with our companys existing fruit juice, grappyfizz, appyfizz etc. again no water melon juice is available in the market. Variety in customer preference: Bangladesh is a country of about 14 crore people. The market size seems to be very large. Again the market is differentiated in terms of demand as the people are differentiated in case of income, age, occupation, literacy, etc. 4.0 Objectives and Issues 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Issues 5. Marketing Strategy Anrons marketing strategy is based on positioning of product differentiation in terms of new taste and flavor and relatively lower price than other competitors. Our primary consumer target is children and our secondary consumer targets are young and adult people who enjoy fruit juice and other types of soft drinks. Our primary business targets are wholesalers and retailers of busy places like bus terminals, railway stations, and local markets. Our secondary business targets are cafeteria of college and university, fast food shops and shopping mall. 5.1. Positioning Though our product Juicy Melon is undifferentiated type, we want to differentiate it by providing real taste of watermelon which is one of the most flavored and nutritious fruit. The flavored taste of watermelon, the brand new type of juice, the nutritious value, the colorful attractive packaging, and relatively lower price are our major positioning tool. 5.2. Product Strategy The Juicy Melon, including all the features described in the earlier Product review section, will be sold in different colorful packaging styles like cane, plastic and glass bottle, tetra pack of different amount like 150 ml of tetra pack; 250 ml of cane, plastic and glass bottle, tetra pack; 500 ml of plastic and glass bottle, 1 L of plastic and glass bottle. The different types of packaging are shown below in the table: Packaging Amount per unit packaging Cane 250 ml Cane 500 ml Tetra pack 150 ml Tetra pack 250 ml Tetra pack 500 ml Tetra pack 1 L Plastic bottle 250 ml Plastic bottle 500 ml Plastic bottle 1 L Glass bottle 250 ml Glass bottle 500 ml Glass bottle 1 L The delicious taste and flavour of products main ingredient, water melon and colorful attractive packaging; purity and asepty of Juicy melon and comparatively lower price are all favorable features of our product to attract our target customers and to take competitive advantage. We will introduce another new taste and flavor of pineapple (the Juicy pineapple) in the next year thereby expanding product line. Building brand equity with new taste and purity is an integral part of our product strategy. The brand name (ABC), slogan (BRINGS TASTE IN LIFE) will be displayed on the pack, cane and bottle that means on overall packaging and in our primary introductory marketing campaign these will be reinforced. 5.3. Price Strategy The Juicy Melon will follow market penetration pricing strategy with target of large market sharing by attracting large number of buyers. The Juicy melon will be introduced at the wholesale and retail price per unit which are shown in the following table Packaging Price Per Unit Cane, 250 ml 13 Cane, 500 ml 25 Tetra pack, 150 ml 10 Tetra pack, 250 ml 13 Tetra pack, 500 ml 25 Tetra pack, 1L 48 Plastic bottle, 250 ml 13 Plastic bottle, 500 ml 25 Plastic bottle, 1L 48 Glass bottle, 250 ml 13 Glass bottle, 500 ml 25 Glass bottle, 1L 48 5.4. Distribution Strategy Our distribution strategy is intensive distribution to make the product available to the consumer by stoking as many outlets as possible. Indirect consumer marketing channel (Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer) is our major distribution channel. In various occasion like Pahela Baishakh, International Mother Language Day, Independent Day, Victory Day, Eid Ul Azha, Eid Ul Fitar, Durga Puja, fair and so on, we will follow mobile marketing using direct consumer marketing channel by direct selling to consumer at half of the price per unit in the college and university campus and other gathering and fair place. 5.5. Marketing Communication Strategy By using all media like TV channels, printing media, radio, bill board, we will integrate all messages to reinforce the brand name, the main points of positioning of new and unique taste and flavor and lower price. We will follow both a combination of pull and push strategy. Our persuasive and comparative advertising objectives will be achieved through selecting appropriate timing, media and advertising strategy by advertising agency based on media consumption research to reach prospect buyers for pull strategy before and during product introduction. Consumer sales promotion tools like premium, contests which will be communicated through advertising will be used for pull strategy. For push strategy we will use trade sales promotions like discount, premium, display allowance to attract motivate, retain and persuade wholesaler and retailer to give self space, promote in advertising, and push our product to consumers. For our new product we need large advertising budget as we want to gain large marketing share. 5.6. Marketing Research Our exploratory and descriptive research objectives are- -measuring brand awareness during and after marketing campaigns which will help us determines the effectiveness and efficiency of our messages and media, -studying customer satisfaction to gauge market reaction, -identifying opportunities for our future product development effort, -measuring and analyzing customer attitudes toward competing brands and products. 5.7. Marketing Organization The structure of our marketing organization is organized by function which is shown in the following figure. The Chief marketing officer holds overall authorization for marketing strategy and direction Chief Marketing Officer Sales Manager Public Relation Manager Promotion Manager Research Manager Promotion Analyst Advertising Analyst Figure: Arnones Marketing Organization 6.0 Action Programs We will launch our product Juicy Melon in first January 2011.The summary of our next four months action programs to our objectives are given below. December, 2010 We will introduce our Juicy Melon formally by arranging concert inviting most popular celebrity and nutritionists who will give some speech about our products nutritious value. We will start trade sales promotion strategies by communicating selected wholesaler. January, 2011 We will start integrated campaign targeting our prospected customer using multimedia like TV channels, printing media, radio, bill board. We will start consumer sales promotion. February, 2011 We will continue multimedia advertising campaign to reinforce our positioning strategies and will also continue trade sales promotion tactics. March, 2011 We will use new type of advertising, and will continue consumer sales promotion and will use mobile marketing. 7.0 Budget: This marketing plan includes a detailed budget, schedule, and managerial assignment for every action program. After implementing the marketing plan, up-to-date data has to be collected about the product position regularly and then for control purposes the plan will be allowed for month-by-month comparison of actual versus projected sales and expenses. Budgets as managerial tools How much will the activities defined above cost? Can you provide a revenue forecast? Explain the assumptions on which the forecast is based and consider various (best case, worst case) scenarios. Since many Information Centers now operate as cost centers, if not profit centers, this component of the plan is extremely important. The classic quantification of a marketing plan appears in the form of budgets. Because these are so rigorously quantified, they are particularly important. They should, thus, represent an unequivocal projection of actions and expected results. What is more, they should be capable of being monitored accurately; and, indeed, performance against budget is the main (regular) management review process. The purpose of a marketing budget is, thus, to pull together all the revenues and costs involved in marketing into one comprehensive document. It is a managerial tool that balances what is needed to be spent against what can be afforded, and helps make choices about priorities. It is then used in monitoring performance in practice. The marketing budget is usually the most powerful tool by which you think through the relationship between desired results and available means. Its starting point should be the marketing strategies and plans, which have already been formulated in the marketing plan itself; although, in practice, the two will run in parallel and will interact. At the very least, the rigorous, highly quantified, budgets may cause a rethink of some of the more optimistic elements of the plans. Objectives of Budget Budget serves two main purposes To protect profitability To help managers plan for expenditures, scheduling, and operations related to each action program. Determining costs There are different types of costs like fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs (also known as overhead) are costs that do not vary with production or sales levels and include costs such as rent, interest, depreciation and clerical and management salaries. Regardless of the level of output company must pay these costs. The total fixed costs remain constant as output increases, the fixed costs per unit will decrease as output increase because the total fixed costs are spread across more unit of output. On the other hand variable costs vary directly with the level of production and include costs related to the direct production of the product and many of the marketing costs associated with selling it. Although these costs tend to be uniform for each unit produced, they are called variable costs because their total varies with the number of units produced. Total first year sales revenue for the Juicy melon is projected at tk2000000 million, with an average wholesale price tk 13.00 per bottle and variable cost per bottle 3.00 tk for per bottle sales volumes 400000. We anticipate a first year loss up to 10 million on the juicy melon. Break even calculation indicates that the juicy melon will become profitable after the sales volume exceeds 40000 early in the products second year. Our breakeven analysis of juicy melons first product assumes per bottle whole sale revenue of amount per bottle. Variable cost of tk 3 per bottle, and estimated first year fixed cost of 400000. Based on the assumption the breakeven calculation is: Beak even volume = = Fixed costs / price variable costs = 400000/13-3 = 40000 Where as fixed costs = 4, 00,000 Variable cost = 3 Expected unit sales= 50,000 Unit costs = variable costs + fixed cost/expected unit sales = 3+ 400000/50000 = 11 Mark up price = unit costs / 1- desired return on sales 16 percent = 11/ 1- 0.16 = 13 Determining price is one of the most important marketing decisions and marketers have to considerable leeway when setting prices. The limiting factors are demand and costs. Demand factors such as buyer perceived value, set the price ceiling. The companys cost set the price floor. In between these two factors, we as a marketer must consider competitors price and other factors such as reseller requirements, government regulations, and company objectives as well. Since we started as a new product we would like to sell at wholesale prices tk 13.00. In order to expand the market and to gain market share rapidly we launch the product at a lower price. Accordingly we first consider pricing decision s from a cost perspective. The n we consider consumer value, the competitive environment and the reseller requirements. 8.0 Controls Controls help management assess results after the plan is implemented, identify any problems or performance variations, and initiate corrective action. We would like to plan tight control measures to closely monitor quality and customer satisfaction. This will enable us to react quickly in correcting any problems that may occur. Other early warning signals that will be monitored for signs of deviation from the plan include monthly sales (by segment and channels) and monthly expenses. Giving the emphasis on the market volatility, contingency plans are developed to address fast moving environmental changes such as new technology and new competition. Now a day the executive drinks market is steadily increasing with passing time. With keeping this in mind, our marketing programs will expand accordingly. The addition of an internally index will allow juicy melon to the market with the expanding number of potential customers. Sales will increase accordingly, providing working capital for internal product development, marketing department growth, and Internet development. A presence on the Internet will be a key milestone to expanding sales and marketing potentials through the utilization of new channels. Ultimately everything is carried out to monitor the project success. Break-even analysis Based on understanding of the costs, consumer value and the competitive environment and reseller requirement we have decided to set its price to wholesalers at tk 13.00.At that price what sales level will be needed to break even or make profit is determined. Breakeven analysis determines the unit volume 40,000 and taka sales needed to be profitable given a particular price and cost structure. At the breakeven point, total revenue equals total costs and profit is zero. Above this point the company will make profit; below it, the company will lose money. The break even analysis shows that to reach the break even point, the company is required to have sold 4000 units of the juice. As per the sales forecast, it will happen by the end of 4th year (2014) of launching product into the market. Table: Break Even analysis Quantity of bottles(thousands) (1) FC (Tk) (thousand) (2) VC (Tk) (thousand) (3) = (1) ÃÆ'- Tk. 3 TC (Tk) (thousand) (4) = (2) +( 3) TR (Tk) (thousand) (5) = (1) ÃÆ'- Tk 13 Profit (Tk) (thousand) 0 400 0 400 0 -400 10 400 30 430 130 -300 20 400 60 460 260 -200 30 400 90 490 390 -100 40 400 120 520 520 0 50 400 150 550 650 100 Figure : Break Even analysis Conclusion In order to the effective

Imaginative :: essays papers

Imaginative It is strange how things can change in short a period of time. It was only two years ago that Philip Morris was a dwindling tobacco company millions of dollars in debt. The stock market was facing a rapid decline in value. Stocks plummeted sharply in all areas. Like every other business in the country, Phillip Morris was at its lowest phase. Massive layoffs as well as severe cutbacks haunted the executives. After the stock value of Phillip Morris shares plummeted, the company’s chief stockholders were selling their stakes at pennies on the dollar. I took this desperate time to finally realize a dream I have had for years. I had amassed a large wealth from previous investments and projects. Reverting a public company with millions of shareholders into a private enterprise would be the most difficult task I would ever accomplish. I was able to deal with the major stockholders to purchase a vast majority of the company, about 75%. After several company shareholder meetings, I determined to revert the company to a private business, and I worked out a buyout for all remaining stockholders. Of course this also was made cheap due to the failing economy. Phillip Morris made cigarettes, Miller beer, Kraft products, and leveraged and directed finance leases. I planned on playing with the public’s emotions on â€Å"Big Tobacco Companies† in helping me with my plan. As soon as the previously great Phillip Morris was sold to me, we ceased production of the once lucrative cigarette portion of our portfolio. This became a great media exposure. We sold the concept of becoming a healthy family business concerned with the welfare of the public. This company now owes a great deal to the slithering lobbyists who helped make what Phillip Morris once was. If it weren’t for the lobbyists, I would still be obligated to comply with the court judgments for the idiots who became ill due to smoking related diseases. Those people did not even deserve the money they were rewarded. How could someone not know that cigarettes caused cancer, emphysema, or impotence, among other illnesses? I was glad the lobbyist were able to stop anyone searching for damages due to smoking, and all it cost me was dissolving the cigarette section of the company. I now know that if I pay a lobbyist enough, they can get a Senator to do anything I want.